Constitutional Law Jeopardy

In Federalist No. 78, this founder called the judiciary the least dangerous branch of government.

Who was Alexander Hamilton?

This doctrine, requiring injury in fact, causation and redressability, decides whether a plaintiff may bring a case in federal court.

What is standing?

In this 1816 case over Virginia land claims, the Court held it may review state court judgments on federal questions.

What is Martin v. Hunter's Lessee?

In this 1958 case arising from Little Rock school desegregation, the Court declared its constitutional rulings binding on state officials.

What is Cooper v. Aaron?

This 1962 reapportionment case set out six factors, including a lack of manageable standards, for spotting nonjusticiable political questions.

What is Baker v. Carr?

This 1952 case rejected President Truman's seizure of the nation's steel mills during the Korean War.

What is Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer?

This unanimous 1974 case ordered the Watergate tapes turned over, rejecting an absolute claim of executive privilege.

What is United States v. Nixon?

This 1983 case struck down the one-house legislative veto for violating bicameralism and presentment.

What is INS v. Chadha?

In this 1998 case, the Court held that the Line Item Veto Act violated the Presentment Clause.

What is Clinton v. City of New York?

This 1988 case upheld the independent counsel provisions of the Ethics in Government Act over a lone dissent by Justice Scalia.

What is Morrison v. Olson?

In this 1819 case, John Marshall wrote that the power to tax involves the power to destroy, striking down a Maryland tax on the national bank.

What is McCulloch v. Maryland?

This 1824 case, arising from a New York steamboat monopoly, gave the commerce power its first broad reading.

What is Gibbons v. Ogden?

This 1942 case held that wheat a farmer grew for his own use could be regulated because of its aggregate effect on interstate commerce.

What is Wickard v. Filburn?

In this 1995 case, the Court struck down the Gun-Free School Zones Act as beyond Congress's commerce power.

What is United States v. Lopez?

This 1992 case announced the anti-commandeering principle, holding Congress may not force states to take title to radioactive waste.

What is New York v. United States?

This 1969 case protected students who wore black armbands to school to protest the Vietnam War.

What is Tinker v. Des Moines?

This 1964 case requires public officials suing for defamation to prove actual malice.

What is New York Times Co. v. Sullivan?

This 1969 case protects advocacy of force unless it is directed to inciting imminent lawless action and likely to produce it.

What is Brandenburg v. Ohio?

This 1971 case produced a three-part Establishment Clause test asking about secular purpose, primary effect and excessive entanglement.

What is Lemon v. Kurtzman?

In this 1990 peyote case, Justice Scalia held that neutral, generally applicable laws need not pass strict scrutiny under the Free Exercise Clause.

What is Employment Division v. Smith?

This 1963 case held that states must provide counsel to indigent defendants charged with felonies.

What is Gideon v. Wainwright?

This 1965 case struck down a Connecticut contraceptive ban, locating a right of privacy in the penumbras of the Bill of Rights.

What is Griswold v. Connecticut?

This 1905 case striking down a New York limit on bakers' hours gave its name to an era of economic substantive due process.

What is Lochner v. New York?

This 1970 case held that welfare recipients are entitled to an evidentiary hearing before their benefits are terminated.

What is Goldberg v. Kelly?

This 1976 Social Security disability case set a three-factor balancing test for how much procedure due process requires.

What is Mathews v. Eldridge?

This 1896 case upheld separate but equal railway cars in Louisiana.

What is Plessy v. Ferguson?

This 1954 case held that separate public schools for Black and white children are inherently unequal.

What is Brown v. Board of Education?

This 1967 case struck down Virginia's ban on interracial marriage.

What is Loving v. Virginia?

In this 1996 case, Justice Ginsburg demanded an exceedingly persuasive justification and opened the Virginia Military Institute to women.

What is United States v. Virginia?

This footnote in United States v. Carolene Products (1938) suggested closer scrutiny of prejudice against discrete and insular minorities.

What is Footnote Four?